ECON30009/90080 Macroeconomics Assignment 1
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ECON30009/90080 Macroeconomics
Assignment 1
Question 1: A ModiÖed Life-Cycle Model (25 marks in total)
Consider the life-cycle model discussed in Lectures 3-5. Now suppose that each member of the young generation chooses how much labour to supply when working while young, and that there is a disutility associated with supplying labour.1 SpeciÖcally, a member of generation t now has the following preferences:
U (cyt ; cot+1 ; lyt ) = (cyt )a (cot+1 ━ co )1 —a exp ╱ ━
、
where cyt is consumption when young in period t, cot+1 is consumption when old in period t + 1; lyt is the labour supplied when young in period t, a governs the degree of the individualís preference for consumption when young with 0 < a < 1, exp (x) := ex is the exponential function, and co > 0 is a Öxed preference parameter. A member of generation t receives a wage of wt per unit of labour supply (lyt ) worked while young.
(a) (5 marks) Write down the period t and period t + 1 budget constraints and use them to derive the lifetime budget constraint. Formulate the individualsíutility maximisation problem and solve it to derive the individual consumption Euler equation.
(b) (4 marks) Derive an optimality condition relating the supply of labour to the real wage and consumption when young. Explain the intuition for this equation.
(c) (4 marks) Solve for an implicit equation deÖning optimal consumption when young as a function of the real wage, the real interest rate and co (Note: you do not need to solve for cyt explicitly).
(d) (4 marks) Using the equation you derived in (c) and the implicit function theorem, show that
is decreasing in co when taking the real interest rate and real wage as given. Explain the economic intuition for this result.
(e) (4 marks) Using your earlier results (and again taking the real interest rate and real wage as given), explain how an increase in co a§ects the optimal supply of labour in this economy. Explain the economic intuition for your Önding.
(f) (4 marks) Thus far, we have assumed the real wage and real interest rate are held Öxed (i.e. the comparative static analysis is partial equilibrium). In general equi- librium, these factor prices change too. Outline intuitively (no math required), how you would expect capital and labour to change as a consequence of an in- crease in co and what these changes would mean for the real interest and the real wage (again no math is required, you can simply provide intuition here).
Question 2: Depreciation and Growth (25 marks in total)
Re-consider the life-cycle model discussed in Lectures 3-5. Assume that preferences are now given by the usual Cobb-Douglas assumption discussed in the lecture (i.e., U (cyt ; cot+1) = (cyt )a (cot+1)1 —a ) and that individuals supply a single unit of labour inelastically. Assume Örms use a Cobb-Douglas production function Yt = At Kt(β)Lt(1) —β using the same notation as in the lectures and that Örms compete under perfect com- petition. The only di§erence in the model from our discussion in the lectures is that we will now assume that a constant fraction 6 of the capital stock is lost each period due to depreciation. You may assume the depreciation cost is borne by households and this lowers the e§ective net return received from saving.
(a) (3 marks) Derive (or write down if you already know the solutions) the solutions for consumption when young (cyt ) ; saving (at+1) and consumption when old (cot+1) for an individual in this economy.
(b) (5 marks) Solve for a transition equation in terms of the capital-to-labour ratio ╱ kt :=L(K)t(t)、 that characterises this economyís equilibrium.
(c) (3 marks) Using your results from (b), derive an expression for labour productivity (output per worker) as function of the capital-to-labour ratio.
(d) (3 marks) Take natural logs of your result in (c), and check whether the natural log change in labour productivity (deÖned as A ln L(Y)t(t) := ln L(Y)t(t) ━ ln
) is a function of multifactor productivity growth and capital deepening?
(e) (3 marks) Using your earlier results, brieáy explain whether the solution to this economy is consistent with the growth accounting exercises we discussed in the lectures.
(f) (3 marks) Does this model exhibit convergence (i.e., the growth rate of labour productivity slows down over time as output per worker rises)? Brieáy explain why or why not.
(g) (5 marks) Using R, Matlab, Excel or your own preferred numerical software, simulate the time paths for 10 periods of labour productivity ╱ L(Y)t(t)、; consumption when young (cyt ), consumption when old (cot+1) and the capital-to-labour ratio in this economy. Assume that multifactor productivity remains constant with A = 20 for all t ≥ 1; that k〇 =L(K)o(o) = 10, a = 0:5; 8 = 0:35 and 6 = 0:8: Graph your results making sure you clearly label the x and y axis in each graph. Discuss intuitively how a higher rate of depreciation would a§ect the simulated growth paths. No need to solve formally, a brief discussion of the intuition and reasoning
of what you would expect to Önd with a higher rate of depreciation and why is su¢ cient.
2022-08-17