ECON6001/6701: Answers to Final S1 2021
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ECON6001/6701: Answers to Final S1 2021
1 Short Questions (50 points)
Group Q1 (3 points)
1. Consider the following tree.
How many strategies does player 1 have?
Answer: 12
2. How many strategies does player 2 have? Answer: 18
3. Consider the following tree.
How many strategies does player 1 have?
Answer: 32
4. How many strategies does player 2 have? Answer: 16
Group Q2 (5 points)
1. Consider the following tree.
What is SPNE of this game? You have to provide strategy for each player. The answer without the properly formulated strategy will give you 0 points.
Answer: (C|∅, D|Ab, E|Bb; c|A, c|B, c|C).
2. Consider the following tree.
What is SPNE of this game? You have to provide strategy for each player. The answer without the properly formulated strategy will give you 0 points.
Answer: (A|∅, F |Aa, F |Ba, F |Ca; a|A, b|B, a|C, a|D).
Group Q3 (8 points)
1. Consider the following game tree:
The SPNE payoff of player 1 is __ (17) and this game has __ (4) pure-strategy NE in total. Answer: See the payoff matrix of this game:
2. Consider the following game tree:
The SPNE payoff of player 1 is __ (20) and this game has __ (4) pure-strategy NE in total. Answer: See the payoff matrix of this game:
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Group Q4 (3 points)
1. Which returns to scale does technology F (K, L, Z) = √KL + Z min(K, L) exhibit?
(a) IRS (***)
(b) CRS
(c) DRS
(d) Not defined
2. Which returns to scale does technology F(K, L, Z) =pKL + Z min(K, L) exhibit?
(a) IRS
(b) CRS (***)
(c) DRS
(d) Not defined
3. Which returns to scale does technology F(K, L, Z) =pKL + Z + min(K, L) exhibit?
(a) IRS
(b) CRS
(c) DRS (***)
(d) Not defined
Group Q5 (7 points)
1. Consider the following matrix game:
|
|
C |
D |
E |
|
A |
1, 1 |
1, 5 |
1, 2 |
|
B |
2, 4 |
0, 3 |
5, 1 |
This game has __ (2) pure-strategy NE. In MSNE, player 1 chooses A with probability __ (0.2).
2. Consider the following matrix game:
|
|
C |
D |
E |
|
A |
1, 1 |
1, 5 |
1, 2 |
|
B |
2, 4 |
0, 3 |
5, 1 |
This game has __ (2) pure-strategy NE. In MSNE, player 2 chooses C with probability __ (0.5).
3. Consider the following matrix game:
|
|
D |
E |
|
A |
6, 2 |
3, 1 |
|
B |
3, 5 |
2, 3 |
|
C |
3, 1 |
5, |
This game has __ (2) pure-strategy NE. In MSNE, player 1 chooses A with probability __ (0.75).
4. Consider the following matrix game:
|
|
D |
E |
|
A |
6, 2 |
3, 1 |
|
B |
3, 5 |
2, 3 |
|
C |
3, 1 |
5, |
This game has __ (2) pure-strategy NE. In MSNE, player 2 chooses D with probability __ (0.4).
Group Q6 (4 points)
1. A firm has access to the following technologies: F1 (K, L, Z) = 2K + L + 3Z and F2 (K, L, Z) = K +2L+2Z . Then the aggregate technology is __. Provide your answer in the form: 5K +5L+5Z
without spaces.
Answer: 2K + 2L + 3Z .
2. A firm has access to the following technologies: F1 (K, L, Z) = 3K + 2L + Z and F2 (K, L, Z) = K +3L+4Z . Then the aggregate technology is __. Provide your answer in the form: 5K +5L+5Z
without spaces.
Answer: 3K + 3L + 4Z .
3. A firm has access to the following technologies: F1 (K, L, Z) = 5K + 2L + 2Z and F2 (K, L, Z) = 3K +6L+ Z . Then the aggregate technology is __. Provide your answer in the form: 5K +5L+5Z
without spaces.
Answer: 5K + 6L + 2Z .
Group Q7 (6 points)
1. Suppose there are three types of car quality: lemons, oranges and peaches. The probability distri- bution of cars in the economy is: P (L) = 0.25, P (O) = 0.5 and P (P) = 0.25. The corresponding values for the seller are: $1,000, $1,500 and $2,000, whereas the values for the buyer are: $1,200, $1,700 and $2,200. Suppose the price of a random car in $1,700. What is the expected value of this
car for the buyer? Round the number to the nearest integer if necessary.
Answer: $1,533 (or $1,534).
2. Suppose there are three types of car quality: lemons, oranges and peaches. The probability dis- tribution of cars in the economy is: P (L) = 0.2, P (O) = 0.6 and P (P) = 0.2. The corresponding values for the seller are: $1,000, $1,500 and $2,000, whereas the values for the buyer are: $1,200, $1,700 and $2,200. Suppose the price of a random car in $1,700. What is the expected value of this
car for the buyer? Round the number to the nearest integer if necessary.
Answer: $1,575.
3. Suppose there are three types of car quality: lemons, oranges and peaches. The probability distri- bution of cars in the economy is: P (L) =
, P (O) =
and P (P) = 0.5. The corresponding values for the seller are: $1,000, $1,500 and $2,000, whereas the values for the buyer are: $1,200, $1,700 and $2,200. Suppose the price of a random car in $1,700. What is the expected value of this car
for the buyer? Round the number to the nearest integer if necessary.
Answer: $1,366 (or $1,367).
Group Q8 (6 points)
1. Consider an exchange economy with two consumers and two goods x and y . Consumer 1’s utility is u1 (x, y) = x
y
and initial income I1 = 55. The interior of the Pareto set is y1 =
and price of good y is py = 10. The government wants to achieve an equilibrium allocation in which consumer 1 buys x1 = 5. What is the required lump-sum transfer from consumer 1 to consumer 2
that allows to achieve this in equilibrium?
Answer: t = 10.
2. Consider an exchange economy with two consumers and two goods x and y . Consumer 1’s utility is u1 (x, y) = x0 .75 y0 .25 and initial income I1 = 25. The interior of the Pareto set is y1 =
and price of good y is py = 2. The government wants to achieve an equilibrium allocation in which
consumer 1 buys x1 = 5. What is the required lump-sum transfer from consumer 1 to consumer 2 that allows to achieve this in equilibrium?
Answer: t = 5.
Group Q9 (4 points)
1. Choose all correct statements:
I. In the Stackelberg model, the firm that moves last has an advantage because it can adapt to what the first-mover does.
II. In the Cournot oligopoly, the firm with greater marginal costs will produce less. (***)
III. Short-run cost can be smaller than long-run cost.
2. Choose all correct statements:
I. In the Stackelberg model, the firm that moves first loses because it cannot adapt to what the other firm does.
II. In the Cournot oligopoly, the firm with greater marginal costs will produce more.
III. Short-run cost are never smaller than long-run cost. (***)
Group Q10 (4 points)
1. Suppose there are two states of the world, S = {s1 , s2 } and a consumer evaluates AA acts as follows:
V (f) = min{z : f(s)(z) > 0 for some s} + 0.5 max{z : f(s)(z) > 0 for some s}. What is the value of the following act g?
Answer: 30
2. Suppose there are two states of the world, S = {s1 , s2 } and a consumer evaluates AA acts as follows:
V (f) = min{z : f(s)(z) > 0 for some s} + 0.5 max{z : f(s)(z) > 0 for some s}. What is the value of the following act g?
Answer: 10
3. Suppose there are two states of the world, S = {s1 , s2 } and a consumer evaluates AA acts as follows:
V (f) = min{z : f(s)(z) > 0 for some s} + 0.5 max{z : f(s)(z) > 0 for some s}. What is the value of the following act g?
Answer: 75
2 Long Answer Questions (50 points)
Group Q11 (25 points)
1. Suppose there are two states of the world S = {s1 , s2 } and only one consumption good x. There are two SEU consumers. Denote xi(j) consumption of consumer i in state j . Utility of consumer 1 in state j is u1 (x1(j), x2(1), x2(2)) = x2(1)x2(2) ln x1(j) and utility of consumer 2 in state j is u2 (x2(j)) = ln x2(j) . The initial endowments representing available consumption in each state are w1 = (5, 4) and w2 = (5, 6). Consumer 1 believes that P (s1 ) = P (s2 ) = 0.5, whereas consumer 2 believes P (s1 ) = 0.8 and P (s2 ) = 0.2. The consumers can buy and sell Arrow assets.
(a) Find the equilibrium Arrow prices and allocation. (13 points)
Solution: Consumer 1’s problem is
max 0.5x2(1)x2(2) ln x 1(1) + 0.5x2(1)x2(2) ln x1(2)
x 1(1) ,x1(2)
s.t. p1 x 1(1) + p2 x1(2) = I1 = 5p1 + 4p2 .
Note that this problem is identical to
max 0.5 ln x 1(1) + 0.5 ln x1(2)
x 1(1) ,x1(2)
s.t. p1 x 1(1) + p2 x1(2) = I1 = 5p1 + 4p2 ,
which is a regular Cobb-Douglas utility, so x 1(1) =
=
= 2.5 + 2
and x1(2) =
=
2.5
+ 2. An alternative solution would be to formally derive the demand by using the Lagrangian.
Consumer 2’s problem is
max 0.8 ln x2(1) + 0.2 ln x2(2)
x2(1) ,x2(2)
s.t. p1 x2(1) + p2 x2(2) = I2 = 5p1 + 6p2 ,
which is a regular Cobb-Douglas as well, implying x2(1) =
=
= 4 + 4.8
and x2(2) =
=
+ 1.2.
In an exchange economy with two Cobb-Douglas consumers, equilibrium always exists, so one market-clearing condition is enough. The market-clearing condition for state s1 is
x 1(1) + x2(1) = 2.5 + 2
+ 4 + 4.8
= 10 ⇒
=
≈ 0.51.
Hence, the equilibrium allocation is x 1(1) = 3
≈ 3.53, x2(1) = 10 − 3.53 = 6.47, x1(2) = 6
≈ 6.86 and x2(2) = 10 − 6.86 = 3.14.
(b) Derive the interior of the Pareto set. Does the 1st welfare theorem hold in this economy? (12 points)
Note that this problem has an externality (utility of consumer 1 depends on consumer 2), so we have to solve the social planner’s problem:
max 0.5x2(1)x2(2) ln x 1(1) + 0.5x2(1)x2(2) ln x1(2)
x 1(1) ,x1(2) ,x2(1) ,x2(2)
s.t. 0.8 ln x2(1) + 0.2 ln x2(2) = u
x 1(1) + x2(1) = 10
x1(2) + x2(2) = 10.
The the Lagrangian and optimality conditions are
L = 0.5x2(1)x2(2) ln x 1(1)+0.5x2(1)x2(2) ln x1(2)+λ1 (0.8 ln x2(1)+0.2 ln x2(2) −u)+λ2 (10−x1(1) −x2(1))+λ3 (10−x1(2) −x2(2))
∂L 0.5x2(1)x2(2)
∂x 1(1) x1(1)
= 0.5x2(2) ln x 1(1) + 0.5x2(2) ln x1(2) +
− λ2 = 0
∂L 0.5x2(1)x2(2)
∂x1(2) x1(2)
= 0.5x2(1) ln x 1(1) + 0.5x2(1) ln x1(2) +
− λ3 = 0.
By equating (1) to (2) and (3) to (4), we have
= 0.5x2(2) ln x 1(1) + 0.5x2(2) ln x1(2) +
⇒
=
− 0.5x2(2) ln x 1(1) − 0.5x2(2) ln x1(2)
= 0.5x2(1) ln x 1(1) + 0.5x2(1) ln x1(2) +
⇒
=
− 0.5x2(1) ln x 1(1) − 0.5x2(1) ln x1(2) .
Next, dividing the first condition by the second gives us
=
×
⇒ 4
− 4 ln x 1(1)x1(2) =
− ln x 1(1)x1(2) Pareto set: 4
− 3 ln x 1(1)x1(2) =
The 1st welfare theorem does not hold in this economy. To see this, note that the equilibrium
allocation satisfies the condition MRS1 = MRS2 , which is
= 4
and can be rewritten as 4
=
. Note that the right-hand side is identical to the right-hand side of the Pareto set and the left-hand side is missing −3 ln x 1(1)x1(2), which is a non-zero element. Hence, the equilibrium
is not Pareto efficient.
An alternative solution is to plug the equilibrium allocation into the Pareto set and check that it does not hold as equality.
2. Suppose there are two states of the world S = {s1 , s2 } and only one consumption good x. There are two SEU consumers. Denote xi(j) consumption of consumer i in state j . Utility of consumer 1 in state j is u1 (x1(j), x2(1), x2(2)) =
and utility of consumer 2 in state j is u2 (x2(j)) = ln x2(j) . The initial endowments representing available consumption in each state are w1 = (6, 5) and w2 = (6, 7). Consumer 1 believes that P (s1 ) = P (s2 ) = 0.5, whereas consumer 2 believes P (s1 ) = 0.25 and P (s2 ) = 0.75. The consumers can buy and sell Arrow assets.
(a) Find the equilibrium Arrow prices and allocation. (13 points)
Solution: Consumer 1’s problem is
max 0.5 ln x 1(1) + 0.5 ln x1(2)
s.t. p1 x 1(1) + p2 x1(2) = I1 = 6p1 + 5p2 .
Note that this problem is identical to
max 0.5 ln x 1(1) + 0.5 ln x1(2)
x 1(1) ,x1(2)
s.t. p1 x 1(1) + p2 x1(2) = I1 = 6p1 + 5p2 ,
which is a regular Cobb-Douglas utility, so x 1(1) =
=
= 3 + 2.5
and x1(2) =
=
3
+ 2.5. An alternative solution would be to formally derive the demand by using the
Lagrangian.
Consumer 2’s problem is
max 0.25 ln x2(1) + 0.75 ln x2(2)
x2(1) ,x2(2)
s.t. p1 x2(1) + p2 x2(2) = I2 = 6p1 + 7p2 ,
which is a regular Cobb-Douglas as well, implying x2(1) =
=
= 1.5 + 1.75
and x2(2) =
= 4.5
+ 5.25.
In an exchange economy with two Cobb-Douglas consumers, equilibrium always exists, so one market-clearing condition is enough. The market-clearing condition for state s1 is
x 1(1) + x2(1) = 3 + 2.5
+ 1.5 + 1.75
= 12 ⇒
=
≈ 1.76.
Hence, the equilibrium allocation is x 1(1) = 7
≈ 7.41, x2(1) = 12 − 7.41 = 4.59, x1(2) = 4.2 and x2(2) = 12 − 4.2 = 7.8.
(b) Derive the interior of the Pareto set. Does the 1st welfare theorem hold in this economy? (12 points)
Note that this problem has an externality (utility of consumer 1 depends on consumer 2), so we have to solve the social planner’s problem:
max 0.5 ln x 1(1) + 0.5 ln x1(2)
s.t. 0.25 ln x2(1) + 0.75 ln x2(2) = u
x 1(1) + x2(1) = 12
x1(2) + x2(2) = 12.
|
1(1)x1(2) |
0.25λ1 x2(1) 0.75λ1
|
2022-05-21