AcF610 Advanced Management Accounting
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AcF610 Advanced Management Accounting
1. Hikers Barn Limited produces and sells outdoor clothing. The company has been relatively successful in recent years and in 2021, the company expects sales of 15,000 fleece jackets and 10,000 T-shirts. At present the company only produces fleece jackets and T-shirts but is hoping to expand the product range in the future. The products produced are very popular and the company can sell all of the items which are produced.
The selling prices and variable costs by product line in 2021 are as follows :
Fleece Jacket T-shirt
Selling prices (per unit)
Variable costs (per unit):
Fastenings
Cutting labour (at £15 per hour)
£7.50
£2.50
£1.50
£3.00
£3.00
Machining labour (at £20 per hour) £4.00 £3.00
Assume all jackets and T-shirts produced have the same selling price and cost structure as in the table (irrespective of style or size).
The company has fixed costs relating to energy consumption, depreciation and rent. Fixed costs in 2021 are £180,000.
REQUIRED
a) Draft a memo to the managers of Hikers Barn Limited explaining the concept of the relevant range in Cost-Volume Profit analysis. Why is the relevant range important and what are the implications of this for Hikers Barn Limited? Provide examples.
(5 marks)
b) Using variable costing methods, prepare the 2021 income statement showing the profit before taxes for Hikers Barn Limited. Assume there is sufficient production time available to meet market demand. Also assume there is no closing inventory at the yearend (i.e., all production is sold).
(6 marks)
c) In 2022, there are a number of expected changes :
x The selling price for fleece jackets will be £32 per jacket.
x The materials cost for T-shirts will be £3.50 per T-shirt.
x The cutting labour rate will be £18 per hour.
x Hikers Barn will produce and sell Trousers in 2022. The selling price of Trousers will be £35 per pair.
(continued Overleaf)
x The variable costs for Trousers (per pair) will be: Variable costs (per pair) Trousers
Fastenings
Cutting labour (at £18 per hour)
£10.00
£1.75
£2.70
Machining labour (at £20 per hour) £2.00
x Market demand in 2022 will be 18,000 fleece jackets, 12,000 T-shirts and 12,000 pairs of trousers.
x The required cutting and machining labour time (in minutes) per item by product line is as follows:
Fleece Jacket |
|
|
Trousers |
|
Cutting labour time (in minutes) Machining labour time (in minutes) |
6 12 |
12 |
9 |
|
9 |
6 |
x There are expected to be 6,150 hours of cutting labour and 6,240 hours of machining labour available in 2022.
x Fixed costs per annum will increase by 15%.
i) Given the information above about production constraints, produce a production schedule for Hikers Barn Limited which maximises firm profit in 2022. In your answer, clearly identify:
x the limiting factor;
x the contribution margin by product line;
x the contribution per unit of the limiting factor by product line;
x the product rankings (where 1 is the first product to be produced); and
x the number of individual products which are to be produced.
(9 marks)
ii) Using variable costing methods, calculate the profit generated using this production schedule (assuming all production is sold). Show your workings to two decimal places.
(5 marks)
d) The managers of Hikers Barn Limited are concerned about the level of unsatisfied demand for their products as identified in part (c). Propose some potential courses of action to the managers of Hikers Barn Limited to avoid this issue in future. Ensure you highlight the advantages and disadvantages in any potential courses of action identified.
(8 marks)
(TOTAL 33 MARKS)
2. XYZ International has three divisions: X, Y and Z. The revenues, expenses and assets in each division for the next year are expected to be as follows :
Division X |
Division Y |
Division Z |
|
Revenue |
£1,600,000 |
£1,450,000 |
£3,160,000 |
Expenses |
£1,200,000 |
£1,250,000 |
£2,800,000 |
Assets |
£3,200,000 |
£1,000,000 |
£2,400,000 |
The following additional information is provided:
x All divisions are considering expanding their business for the next year. The expansion would require a capital investment of £500,000 in each division. This investment is expected increase profits in each division by £82,500 per year.
x XYZ International evaluates the performance of managers based upon the divisional return on investment.
x Managers of the individual business divisions at XYZ International have decision rights to expand their business and make the new investment.
x XYZ International has a cost of capital of 12 per cent.
REQUIRED
a) i) Why is transfer pricing such an important issue in organisations? Provide a rationale for using negotiated transfer prices in an organisation. Do you think negotiated transfer prices are likely to lead to the optimal outcome for the organisation as a whole? Explain your
answer.
(4 marks)
ii) How and why do the decision rights in investment centres (such as divisions X, Y, Z at XYZ International) differ from other types of responsibility centre? For each of the different types of responsibility centre, provide one performance measure and explain why the measure you choose would be appropriate.
(6 marks)
b) Calculate the return on investment for the three divisions (X, Y and Z) at XYZ International:
i) Before the new investment is added;
ii) For the new investment only; and
iii) Including the new investment.
Show
your workings.
(9 marks)
(continued overleaf)
c) Calculate the residual income for the three divisions (X, Y and Z) at XYZ International:
i) Before the new investment is added;
ii) For the new investment only; and
iii) Including the new investment.
Show your workings.
(9 marks)
d) With reference to your answers for parts (b) and (c), explain whether the individual divisional managers are likely to make the new investment and why. Consider whether the individual divisional managers’ decisions are optimal for the overall company, XYZ International. Explain
your answer.
(5 marks) (TOTAL 33 MARKS)
3. Natural Essences Limited processes plant materials into fragrances and pastes for use in the cosmetics industry. One particular plant material, Aziela root is harvested from the tropical
forests in Borneo. The Aziela root is processed into four joint products CA1, FB2, HC3, and TD4 at the Natural Essences Limited’s laboratories in South West England.
The following additional information is provided:
(i) The joint cost of processing one batch of Aziela root is £25,000.
(ii) The joint products may be sold as is after the joint production process. Alternatively, products may be sold after further processing.
(iii) The following table shows the yield from one batch, selling prices (from intermediate and further processed products) and further processing costs by product:
CA1 FB2 HC3 TD4
Number of grams (per batch) 80 100 135 185
Cost of further processing (per batch) £1,250 £950 £1,800 £2,500
Selling price of unprocessed intermediate product (per gram) £76 £48 £98 £53
Selling price of final product after further processing (per gram) £88 £56 £116 £72
REQUIRED
a) With reference to the theory of cost allocation, consider in what instances it is appropriate to allocate costs in organisations and why. Evaluate how useful this theory is in explaining cost allocations in practice. Provide examples to illustrate your answer.
(5 marks)
b) For Natural Essences Limited, allocate the £25,000 joint cost per batch to each of the joint products based upon the number of grams of each joint product. Show your workings.
(4 marks)
c) Assume Natural Essences Limited aims to maximise firm value. Which of the joint products should be processed? Which of the products should be sold without further processing? Explain your answer. Show supporting calculations to support your decision.
(8 marks)
(continued overleaf)
d) Given your answer to part (c) regarding decisions to further process or not, calculate how much profit (before taxes) Natural Essences Limited will make per batch. Show your workings. Should Natural Essences process batches of Aziela root into the four joint products? Explain
your answer.
(6 marks)
e) For Natural Essences Limited, allocate the £25,000 joint cost using the net realisable value of each joint product. Calculate the profits (loss) per joint product (and the profit in total for Natural Essences Limited) after allocating the joint cost using net realisable value. Show your workings.
(6 marks)
f) With reference to your answers for parts (b) and (e) above, evaluate how useful the use of joint cost allocations is to the decision-making process at Natural Essences Limited. Explain
your answer.
(4 marks) (TOTAL 33 MARKS)
4. Gino’s Gelato supplies retailers and restaurants with different flavours of traditional Italian gelato. The gelato is sold in 2 litre containers. The budgeted and actual sales data for March
2021 are as follows :
Choc Chip |
Tutti |
Frutti |
Vanilla |
|
Standard Sales Price (per container) Standard Quantity (in containers) Actual Sales price (per container) Actual Quantity (in containers) |
£5.00 15,000 £5.10 14,000 |
|
£5.50 7,500 £5.25 9,000 |
£4.20 18,000 £4.40 17,000 |
REQUIRED
a) How useful is standard costing in organisations such as Gino’s Gelato for (1) decision management and (2) decision control? Explain your view. Provide examples to illustrate your
answer.
(7 marks)
b) For each individual product line (Choc Chip, Tutti Frutti, Vanilla) and the Total for all products, calculate:
i) The price variance;
ii) The quantity variance; and
iii) The total variance.
In your answer, clearly indicate whether variances are favourable or adverse. Show your workings to two decimal places.
(7 marks)
c) For each individual product line (Choc Chip, Tutti Frutti, Vanilla) and the Total for all products calculate:
i) The mix variance;
ii) The sales variance; and
iii) The quantity variance (Sum of mix and sales variances).
In your answer, clearly indicate whether variances are favourable or adverse. Show your workings to two decimal places.
(13 marks)
d) Using the information provided in the question, and your answers to parts (b) and (c), interpret the variances calculated. Comment upon the operating performance for Gino’s Gelato in March 2021. Did the manager do a good job in March 2021? Explain your view.
(6 marks) ( TOTAL 33 MARKS)
5. Gamma Shoes manufactures quality leather footwear in the North West of England. Over the past couple of years, sales of Shoes and Sandals have been constant at 55,000 and 40,000 pairs, respectively. However, in anticipation of increased sales in 2022, planned production at Gamma Shoes in 2021 has been increased to 60,000 pairs of Shoes and 45,000 pairs of Sandals.
The selling price and variable production costs (per pair) in 2021 are as follows:
2022-03-31