MTH 428/528 Spring 2020 Assignment #3
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MTH 428/528
Spring 2020
Assignment #3
Consider a population of N diploid individuals (with two copies of their genetic material in each cell). We study two linked loci, where the first locus can be occupied by either one of two alleles A and a that have the same fitness, and the second locus can be occupied by either one of two alleles B and b of the same fitness. Thus, we have ten different genotypes:
|
a a b b |
Here the first row is the first locus and the second row is the second locus, while the columns
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represent the two homologous chromosomes in the diploid population. Also, the chromosome ordering is irrelevant: e.g. and are indistinguishable.
We enumerate these genotypes by the integers from 0 to 9. The population in generation t can be thought as a ten-dimensional vector
X(t) = ╱X0 (t), X1 (t), X2 (t), X3 (t), X4 (t), X5 (t), X6 (t), X7 (t), X8 (t), X9 (t)、,
where Xk (t) is the respective population of genotype k. We assume the population is of fixed size:
X0 (t) + X1 (t) + X2 (t) + X3 (t) + X4 (t) + X5 (t) + X6 (t) + X7 (t) + X8 (t) + X9 (t) = N.
In the process of formation of the next generation t + 1, the individuals in generation t
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produce (segregate) gametes. Two gametes will then join to form an individual of the next generation. For example, or will merge into .
|
A a b B |
|
a B |
|
A a b B |
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in or , coming from different columns. Let r be the probability of a recombination
|
A a b B |
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, , ,
with respective probabilities
(1 - r),
(1 - r),
r,
and
r.
We extend the Wright-Fisher model to the case of two loci. Here, each individual in gener- ation t + 1 is produced by randomly selecting two individuals in generation t. Each of them segregates a gamete, and the gametes are joined to form a new individual. This is done until we have N individuals in generation t + 1. And so on, from one generation to the next generation.
Problem 1. Suppose X(t) = i, where
i = (i0 , i1 , i2 , i3 , i4 , i5 , i6 , i7 , i8 , i9 ), where i0 + i1 + i2 + i3 + i4 + i5 + i6 + i7 + i8 + i9 = N.
Find the (conditional) probabilities pk (i) (k = 0, . . . , 9) for the new individual in population t + 1 to be of genetic type k .
Problem 2. Find the general form for the transition probabilities in this modified Wright- Fisher model
p(i, j) = P╱X(t + 1) = j |X(t) = i、
for
i = (i0 , i1 , i2 , i3 , i4 , i5 , i6 , i7 , i8 , i9 ), where i0 + i1 + i2 + i3 + i4 + i5 + i6 + i7 + i8 + i9 = N,
and
j = (j0 , j1 , j2 , j3 , j4 , j5 , j6 , j7 , j8 , j9 ), where j0 + j1 + j2 + j3 + j4 + j5 + j6 + j7 + j8 + j9 = N.
Hint: use pk (i) in Problem 1 and multinomial coefficients (and multinomial distribution). This should be similar to the single locus Wright-Fisher model, where binomial coefficients and binomial distribution were used.
2022-02-09