ECON10004: INTRODUCTORY MICROECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT 1: SEMESTER 2, 2025
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ECON10004: INTRODUCTORY MICROECONOMICS
ASSIGNMENT 1: SEMESTER 2, 2025
Due: Friday, September 26th, 6pm
• Assignments must be submitted via the LMS subject webpage.
• Remember to keep a copy of your assignment.
• This assignment will account for 15% of your final grade.
• Maximum word limit: 1000 words (diagrams and equations do not count toward the word limit.)
• Points are awarded according to the quality of the answers. Most questions can be answered with just the final requested equation, a graph, or one to two sentences.
• As noted in your subject guide, you may use LLMs only to grammar-check your final answers and must state and cite the model used at the end of your assignment. Large negative penalties and potential referral for academic misconduct may occur if cheating is detected.
Over the last 5 years, there has been an explosion in the number of small-scale gin distilleries across Australia. Most of the discussion around the emergence of these distilleries discuss the “craft spirit movement,” access to information and equipment, and the entry of traditional wine growers. In this problem set, however, we will evaluate how the change in market structure is likely to do with taxes.
Gin, like most alcohol in Australia, is taxed at a very high tax rate based on the overall alcohol content of the beverage. Prior to 2021, a small producer of gin received only a very small tax break, and the total concession capped out at a very low rate. In 2021, the rules were changed and producers became eligible to have their taxes waived for the first $350,000 of tax that they owed on their product.
The goal of this problem set is to explore how this likely changed the optimal scale for producing gin and led to fundamental changes in the supply chain. The analysis will help build understanding of technology, cost functions, and market outcomes.
Part 1: Technology and Taxes (80 Points)
In Australia, alcohol has an extremely high tax rate that is based on the overall alcohol content of the beverage. In Part I of this question, we will consider a firm who is choosing the scale of their operation prior to 2021. We will ignore the small concessions that existed at the time to make the analysis easier.
Suppose that the production of gin can be done using one of three different sized sills: small, medium, or large. Larger sills have larger fixed costs but allow for greater automation in the production line that reduce overall costs at larger scale.
Question 1 (20 Points): Suppose that the cost of producing a small (S) still is equal to:
CS (Q) = 160, 000 + 10Q + .01Q2 ,
where the first term is the fixed costs associated with buying the sill and the second and third terms are labour, packaging, and distribution costs. We will assume Q is measured in litres.
In addition to the production costs, Australia places an excise tax of $70 per litre of gin produced. We will initially assume that this excise tax applies regardless of the amount of gin produced.
1. (5 Points) Calculate the marginal cost and average costs of production as a function of Q. (Note: the excise tax should be included in these calculations.)
2. (5 Points) Plot the Average Cost and Marginal Cost curves on a graph with Q as the horizontal axis and $ on the vertical axis. Explain why the marginal cost curve crosses the average cost curve at the place where average cost is minimized.
3. (5 Points) Calculate the supply function of a firm who chooses to buy a small sill assuming that they are a price taker. What is the minimum price at which such a firm could operate?
4. (5 Points) Suppose that the price of a bottle of gin is $200. What is the firm’s profit? Draw and shade the box that corresponds to this profit on the plot you made in part 2.
Question 2 (20 Points): Suppose now that it is possible to import an unlimited amount of gin at a total cost of $130 per litre. This import cost includes all excise taxes. A firm is deciding between installing a medium sized sill or installing a large-sized sill. Excluding the excise tax, the cost function for the medium sill (M) and large sill (L) are:
CM (Q) = 307500 + 10Q + .0025Q2
CL (Q) = 425000 + 10Q + .00125Q2
1. (5 Points) Taking into consideration the excise tax of $70 per litre, determine the technology that results in the greatest profit as a function of Q. You can round the switch point between technologies to the nearest full unit. (Hint: It is useful to plot the two average cost curves to determine how the two curves relate first.)
2. (10 Points) If Australia is a net importer of gin, what technology should the firm adopt? What is the profit maximizing amount of output for the firm? What is the firm’s total profit? $160?
3. (5 Points) How much excise tax does the Australian government receive from the firm if it is profit maximizing?
Question 3 (20 Points): In an effort to encourage small-scale producers of gin in rural regions, the Australian government enacts an excise remission scheme that refunds the first $350,000 of excise tax that a firm pays.
1. (5 Points) As a function of the number of litres produced, what is the marginal excise tax paid by a firm that produces gin?
2. (10 Points) Using the cost functions in question 2, draw the marginal cost curve and average cost curve for a new firm entering the market using (i) a medium-sized sill and (ii) a large-sized sill. (Note: Your answer to 3.1 is important for correctly drawing the marginal cost curve. Drawings do not need to be exact, but you should be careful about how the cost curve crosses the average cost curve.)
3. (5 Points) What is the minimum price at which it is profitable to open a medium- sized sill? Is it profitable to open a large-sized sill at this price?
Question 4 (20 Points): After the introduction of the excise emission scheme, new medium-sill sized distilleries begin to open. Suppose that the aggregate demand for gin is given by:
QD (P) = 984, 000 -1, 000P
1. (5 Points) Suppose that there is free entry into the market and new firms using medium-sized and large-sized sills have the same cost function as the one given in Question 2. What price would you predict in the long run?
2. (5 Points) Suppose that you are a firm that invested in a large sill prior to 2021 and the fixed costs associated with the sill are not recoverable. How much gin would you produce at the long-run price found in question 4.1?
3. (5 Points) How many firms would you predict to exist in the long run? What are the economic profits of the firms and the total amount of excise tax recovered by the government?
4. (5 Points) Suppose that you are a firm operating a large sill and are considering whether to exit the market. A new entrant offers to buy your large sill. If the entrant is profit maximizing, what is the maximum price he is willing to pay for your sill? What is the minimum price you are willing to sell your sill at?
Part 2: Open Analysis (20 Points)
Question 5: Attached at the end of this problem sets are two articles related to the gin industry. After reading them, pick one of the two topics and write a short analysis based on your understanding of costs. Aim to write 2-3 paragraphs with a graph for support.
Option 1: In the Syndey Morning Herald article, it is revealed that most distilleries source their base alcohol from Manildra group and then redistil the alcohol in a secondary process. Based on what you know about scale economies, explain under what conditions this type of supply chain is likely to form. Is “taste” likely to be the main reason most distilleries outsource their base alcohol? (Hint: Base alcohol is produced in tanks. The output is related to volume while the cost is related to surface area.)
Option 2: In the Submission by Authentic Ambra Spirits, the group argues that the excise remission scheme should be replaced with an alternative scheme that rebates 50% of tax up to the same $350,000 threshold. Does this alternative proposal solve the issue that is currently being encountered? Explain what the most likely outcome of the alternative policy would be. Is the solution likely to lead to an optimal outcome? If not, why would it be the one proposed by Ambra?
Your total score for this problem will relate to the quality of your answer. As a broad rubric, we will reward points based on the following:
. 5 Points: The student has identified the economically relevant parts of their chosen article and have based their analysis on these parts of the discussion.
. 10 Points: The student has coherently applied ideas from lecture 11-13 to their chosen problem to answer their question.
. 5 Points: The student has provided a supplementary graph or figure that helps support their analysis.
2025-09-23