1(a)   What was the unexpected finding on Fleming’s petri dish that led to the discovery of penicillin? ( 1 mark)

Select one alternative:

The petri dish had been contaminated with mould and bacterial cells were growing over the mould

All bacterial cells had been killed

The colour of the petri dish had changed

The petri dish had been contaminated with mould and no bacterial cells were present around the mould

1(b)   Why did Fleming believe Penicillin would not be of clinical relevance? ( 1 mark)

Select one alternative:

0 It was difficult to synthesise

0 It was very unstable

○ It was toxic to animal cells

0 The antibacterial activity was poor

1(c)   Why is penicillin effective at killing bacterial cells but not human cells? ( 1 mark)

Select one alternative:

Human cells have a nucleus but bacterial cells do not

Bacterial cells have a cell wall but human cells do not

Bacterial cells reproduce by binary fission but human cells do not

Bacterial cells are more simple than human cells

1(d)   Which one of the following proposed penicillin analogues is most likely to retain antibacterial activity? (2 marks)

Select one alternative:

 B

 A

○ D

 C

1(e)   Select the two key reasons for wanting to solve the structure of penicillin. (2 marks) Select the two correct answers:

  It would reveal the biological activity of Penicillin.

  Its isolation from bacteria would be more efficient.

0 It would provide the opportunity to produce analogues .

  Synthetic access could enable more efficient production.

 The technique of X-ray crystallography could be developed.

1(f)   Which of the following statements regarding Cephalosporins is true? ( 1 mark)

Select one alternative:

0 Semi-synthetic analogues have not been produced

0 They contain a β -lactam structure

0 They have a different mechanism of action to Penicillin

0 They were originally isolated from bacteria

1(g)    Robert Koch is recognised for: ( 1 mark)

Select one alternative:

 Being the 'pioneer of antiseptic surgery'

 Disproving 'Miasma theory'

 Being the 'Father of Immunology'

 Proving the 'germ theory of fermentation'

1(h)   Antibacterial compounds can be isolated from bacteria ( 1 mark)

Select one alternative:

 False

 True

1(i)    Briefly describe the mechanism of action of Penicillin. (3 marks)

Fill in your answer here

1(j)   State three examples of bacterial biochemical mechanisms of resistance to penicillin. (3 marks) Example one

Example two

Example three

1(k)   Outline why 6-APA and 7-ACA were important discoveries . (3 marks)

Fill in your answer here

1(l)   Why is the sulfa drug prontosil effective against bacterial infections in humans but not in lab cultures? ( 1 mark)

Fill in your answer here

Describe the mechanism of action of the sulfa drug Prontosil. (2 marks)

Fill in your answer here

1(m)    Describe the importance of cowpox in the pursuit of overcoming smallpox . (3 marks) Fill in your answer here

2(a)    Paul J. Flory put forward a hypothesis about “ macromolecules ” in the 1920s .    ( 1 mark)

Select one alternative:

False

True

2(b)   Carothers is credited with the discovery of Nylon.   ( 1 mark)

Select one alternative:

False

True

2(c)    Dupont is the company where Nylon was invented.    ( 1 mark)

Select one alternative:

 False

 True

2(d)    Nylon 6,6 is formed by free radical polymerisation.    ( 1 mark)

Select one alternative:

 True

○ False

2(e)   The first plastic that was totally synthetic was called Celluloid.      ( 1 mark)

Select one alternative:

False

True

2(f)   The L-Alanine in silk is important amino acid that silk gets unique characteristic luster. ( 1 mark)

Select one alternative:

True

False

2(g)    Lingerie was the first use of Nylon as a mass-produced consumer product.      ( 1 mark)

Select one alternative:

True

False

2(h)   The basic building block present in cotton is β -glucose.       ( 1 mark)

Select one alternative:

False

True

2(i)   Thermoplastics can be heated and shaped many times .  ( 1 mark)

Select one alternative:

○ True

 False

2(j)   A polymer is a long chain molecule made from many monomers .       ( 1 mark)

Select one alternative:

False

True

2(k)   What would Nylon 6,10 look like?       ( 1 mark)

Select one or more alternatives:

2(l)    Multiple-Choice Questions with Multiple Answers. Tick all answers that apply.

Which of the following are related to Nylon?       ( 1 mark)

Select one or more alternatives:

  Nomex

  Lycra

  Spandex

  Kevlar

2(m)    Multiple-Choice Questions with Multiple Answers. Tick all answers that apply.

Polymerisation is the process of                           ( 1 mark)

Select one or more alternatives:

  Breaking bonds

  Forming covalent bonds

 Joining molecules

  Increasing molecular weight

2(n)    Multiple-Choice Questions with Multiple Answers. Tick all answers that apply.

The two main thermoplastics that are recycled from domestic waste in New Zealand are

( 1 mark)

Select one or more alternatives:

  HDPE

  LDPE

  PS

  PET

2(o)    Multiple-Choice Questions with Multiple Answers. Tick all answers that apply.

In which of the following substance will hydrogen bonding be absent?      ( 1 mark)

Select one or more alternatives:

  Nylon

  Natural rubber

 Water

  Polystyrene

2(p)    Plastic waste is a widely recognized source of pollution.  An estimated 11 million tons of plastics enter our oceans each year. New Zealand could be sending nearly 9000 tons of   plastics into the environment each year by 2030.

(i) What are the three current disposal options of plastic waste?    ( 1 mark)

Fill in your answer here

(ii) Please comment on the current New Zealand plastics waste disposal approaches . (3 marks)

Fill in your answer here

2(q)    Nylon is a plastic which is famously used in women's stockings since 1940.

(i)  What are the names of the two types of monomers used to make Nylon?  ( 1 mark)

Fill in your answer here

(ii) You've learned the complete story of Nylon.  Discuss the significance of Nylon invention.   (5 marks)

Fill in your answer here

3(a)   Transmutation of elements is possible [1 mark]

Select the correct ending to the sentence

with the philosopher’s stone

with a NZ$100 note in your hand

only with correct combination of elements with atomic numbers that add up to the atomic number of the element you are trying make

by radioactive decay

3(b)   The reduction of gold ions (Au+) to elemental gold (Au) in the last step of the gold recovery process involves which element? [1 mark]

 Copper

 Zinc

 Potassium

○ Nickel

3(c)   Gold nanoparticles have applications in: [1 mark]

Select one option:

 Dyes

 All options are correct

0 Stained glass

○ Cancer treatment

3(d)   After gold is mined, during gold processing which of these agents is important in forming a soluble gold species? [1 mark]

0 Hydrochloric acid

0 Nitric acid

0 None of the above

0 Potassium Cyanide

3(e)   Which of the statements is correct of homogenous catalysts: [1 mark]

Does not dissolve in reaction medium and the reaction occurs on the surface

Dissolves in reaction medium

0 Dissolves in reaction medium but the reaction occurs on the surface

3(f)    How was gold determined to be the most noble metal? [1 mark]

Has the highest thermal conductivity of all elements

Most inert metal

Most malleable pure metal

It is the coinage metal with the highest atomic number

3(g)   Our current financial system is based on the “Gold Standard” in which the amount of economic unit (money) is based on a fixed value of gold. True or False? [1 mark]

False

True

3(h)    1 tonne of cell phone e-waste contains more gold than 1 tonne of mined gold-bearing ore. True or False? [1 mark]

Select one alternative:

True

False

3(i)   A 9 carat gold contains 50% gold. True or False? [1 mark]

Select one alternative:

True

False

3(j)   Gold alloys are commonly used to attain desirable properties . [6 marks]

In the application of gold alloys as jewellery identify at least THREE chemical

characteristics and EXPLAIN how these properties of gold underlie its use:

In the application of gold alloys in coinage, identify at least THREE chemical

characteristics and EXPLAIN how these properties of gold underlie its use:

3(k)   Silver and copper are cheaper, lighter, and better electrical conductors compared

to gold. Explain why gold is the preferred choice of metal for modern-day electronics . [3 marks]

Fill in your answer here

3(l)    Describe how aqua regia "dissolves" gold: [4 marks]

What function does nitric acid serve to "dissolve" gold?

What function does hydrochloric acid serve to "dissolve" gold?

3(m)    Briefly discuss the use, toxicity, taste, and nutritional properties of gold leaf in food. [3 marks] Fill in your answer here

4(a)    Name each alcohol and classify it as primary, secondary, or tertiary. (3 marks)

Alcohol A

Alcohol B

Alcohol C

4(b)    If a standard drink label on a bottle of wine purchased in New Zealand says it contains 6

standard drinks , and that bottle has only filled 3 big glasses , each of those glasses contains approximately how many grams of alcohol?             (2 marks)

Fill in your answer here

4(c)   Which of the following is an incorrect statement?      ( 1 mark)

Select one of the following:

  Enzymes are proteins that catalyse chemical reactions

  Formic acid is the main reason for methanol poisoning

  CH4 is not a greenhouse gas

 Alcohol reacts with potassium dichromate producing chromium (III) sulfate

4(d)   One of the most valuable advantages of biofuels is that they don’t emit CO2  ( 1 mark) Select one:

False

True

4(f)   Which of the following statements regarding biofuels is false?          ( 1 mark)

Select one of the following:

  Increase the durability of the engine

  Serve to slow global warming

  Reduce greenhouse gases

  Increase the carbon footprint

4(g)    Describe briefly how does a breath analyser work?  (4 marks)

Fill in your answer here

4(h)   Which of the following is an incorrect statement?  ( 1 mark)

Select one of the following:

  Ethanol is less toxic than mercury

 Alcohol can disrupt the secondary structure and tertiary structure

  Molecular formula of octane is C8H16

 Antifreeze is an additive which lowers the freezing point of water

4(i)   As the length of the hydrocarbon chain increases , the solubility in water decreases .   ( 1 mark) Select one:

True

False

4(j)   Which of the following is a correct statement?      ( 1 mark)

Select one of the following:

  Ethanol is metabolised at a faster rate than methanol

 The main site of ethanol metabolism is the stomach

  One standard drink in New Zealand contains 14 grams of pure alcohol

 The primary enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism are ADH and ALDH

4(k)    Mutation in which enzyme is associated with facial redness following alcohol

consumption?            (2 marks)

Fill in your answer here