ECON6023/ECON4948 International Trade Final Assignment 2023
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ECON6023/ECON4948 International Trade
Final Assignment
Instructions:
. This exam is 1.5 hours long + 10 minutes of reading time.
. You will be given 30 minutes after this time to upload your written solutions.
. Please write your answers by hand (clearly!) on paper.
. Upload onto Canvas one file containing a photograph/scan of your hand-written answers.
In each question below show all working. Marks will be deducted for incomplete working. Where relevant, calculate solutions to 2 decimal places.
1 (20 marks) Consider a Melitz model covered in class: there is a continuum of goods labelled by 幼. Consumer preferences are characterized by a CES utility function U =
$∫幼eΩ c(幼)(σ -1)/σ)σ/(σ -1), where c(幼) is the consumption of good 幼 and σ > 1 is the
elasticity of substitution between the varieties. The corresponding demand function is then
c (幼) =
p
).-σ where P = $∫幼eΩ p(幼)(1-σ))1/(1-σ) is the CES prices index.
Production side is characterized by monopolistic competition with each firms’ production function exhibiting increasing returns to scale. In particular, firms incur sunk costs fe before they realize their productivity. To serve the domestic market, a firm pays fixed costs fd and to serve an export
1 φ, where Ψ is firm-specific productivity. Unlike the model covered in class, where a distribution of
productivities was described through arbitrary pdf and cdf functions g(Ψ) and G(Ψ), here you
know that firms’ productivity follows Pareto distribution: g(Ψ) = θΨ - θ -1 and G(Ψ) = 1 − Ψ - θ ,
such that θ > σ − 1 and Ψ ∈ [1;∞].
a) Derive closed-form expressions for free entry conditions for autarky and free trade: faJ(Ψa ) = fe , fdJ(Ψd ) + fxJ(Ψx ) = fe . Combine these expressions with zero cut-off profit conditions and find the closed-form expressions for Ψa, Ψd , and Ψx .
b) Consider a case of a decrease in iceberg trade costs τ. Show what effect it would have on domestic and export productivity cut-offs Ψd , and Ψx . What is the statistical distribution of domestic and export profits πd (Ψ), and πx (Ψ)? How does it change after the trade liberalization (decrease in τ)? Discuss.
2 (25 marks) Consider an extended version Dornbusch Fisher Samuelson covered in class:
The preferences of domestic and foreign representative consumers can be represented as a Cobb- Douglas functions with product-specific taste shocks s(z) : U =
lnBs(z)c(z)Edz and U* =
lnBs(z)c(z)Edz, where z=[0;1] is the index of a good, c(z) is the consumption of the corresponding good and s(z) is the exogenous preference shifter (consumers take taste shocks as given).
a) Write the first-order conditions and derive the demand function for an arbitrary good z. What is the relationship between the taste shock s(z) and the consumed quantity of the good q(z)? Do you find it intuitive or counter-intuitive? Explain the intuition.
b) The production side of the economy is similar to the DFS model covered in class: domestic and foreign countries have labor force endowments of L and L* correspondingly; domestic and foreign labor requirements of production of good z are a(z) and a*(z). Derive the specialization patterns of both countries through the marginal good z’ . Describe and
illustrate on a diagram function adjusted domestic country’s relative efficiency curve A(z). Will the specialization pattern depend on the realization of taste shocks? (Hint: you will need to use different reordering of products compared to the one we used in class).
c) Now assume that more preferred goods are associated with higher quality and are costlier to produce; in particular, the cost of production of good z can be found as a(z)=(s(z))-2. Derive domestic and foreign wages as a function of the threshold good z’ . Write down trade balance equations, derive curve B(z’) and illustrate it on the graph. Find the equilibrium threshold good z’ and relative wage. How is it different from the baseline model covered in class?
d) Consider an increase in the size of the domestic country L. What will happen to the relative wage, specialization patterns (threshold good z’), and export/import volumes? Discuss the effect of this shock in the model with preferences shock compared to the baseline model covered in class.
3 (15 marks) Consider a large country with a domestic demand characterized by the inverse demand function P=400-Q. Domestic supply is represented by the equation P=100+Q. Finally, the world price of the good is 50. You know that a tariff pass-through is 10%, meaning that foreign suppliers decrease their price by 10% of an import tariff t.
a) Draw a diagram of a free trade case, label imports, consumer and producer surplus.
b) Now you want to introduce an optimal tariff. Calculate the value of the optimal tariff t*, which maximizes domestic welfare. Illustrate CS, PS, GR, and DWL on your graph. Calculate their numerical values.
c) Is there a value of a production subsidy s* such that would lead to the same domestic welfare as the optimal tariff t*? Explain. If so, calculate the value of s*.
2023-06-19