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Data 367 - Statistical Methods in Sports Analytics

Spring 2023 - Mondays and Wednesdays from 3-4:15pm in Psychology 207

Description of Course

This course will introduce statistical methods and training in statistical consulting aimed to          analyze sports by using observational data on players and teams. With an emphasis on statistical inference and modeling, the students will learn how to analyze a sports related problem, utilize   statistical tools to find a solution and interpret those results to sports professionals. The course   will also offer the opportunity to focus on a semester long sports analytics project.

Course Prerequisites or Co-requisites

MATH129 (or higher) or MATH263

It is also recommended that students have experience in a programming language, like Java, Python, R or MatLab.

Instructor and Contact Information

Dr. Aaron Ekstrom - email: [email protected]du Please use this email address. For whatever reason, I cannot access my university email.

Office hours: Mondays 2pm and Tuesdays 3pm in Math 306,

Thursdays 4pm in the virtual tutoring room (link in D2L)

Kamaljeet Singh - email: kamaljeetsingh@math.arizona.edu

Our D2L page will serve as the course home page - check it often. Course materials will be published on D2L, R-assignments and project papers will submitted on D2L, and important announcements will be made on D2L.

Course Format and Teaching Methods

This class is scheduled to be taught in the in-person modality.

Course Communications

Announcements and important course information may be sent out via official University email or through D2L.  It is the student’s responsibility to check for messages and announcements           regularly. Email should and will be used for notification purposes - however, it is a poor tool for    discussion. Mathematical questions should be asked, and will be discussed, in our class meetings - either during class (or after class if time permitting), during office hours or by appointment. In addition, other discussions - such as grades should be done in zoom meetings (where I will set    up a breakout room so we can discuss it privately).

When emailing me, please use the following address: aaron@math.arizona.edu.

Class Meetings

Meeting Times: This class will meet on Mondays and Wednesdays from 3 - 4:15 pm in Psychology 207. Our meetings will give us the opportunity to develop our understanding of the ideas and methods of Sports Analytics. Most days we will utilize group work. Expect to turn in a sample of group work to be graded almost every class meeting.

Class attendance:

• If you feel sick, or if you need to isolate or quarantine based on University protocols, stay home. Except for seeking medical care, avoid contact with others and do not travel.

• Notify your instructor if you will be missing a course meeting or an assignment deadline.

• Non-attendance for any reason does not guarantee an automatic extension of due date or rescheduling of examinations.

Please communicate and coordinate any request directly with your instructor.

• If you must miss the equivalent of more than one week of class, you should contact the Dean of Students Office DOS-deanofstudents@email.arizona.edu to share    documentation about the challenges you are facing.

• Voluntary, free, and convenient COVID-19 testing is available for students on Main Campus.

• If you test positive for COVID- 19 and you are participating in on-campus activities, you must report your results to Campus Health. To learn more about the process for      reporting a positive test, visit the Case Notification Protocol.

• The COVID- 19 vaccine and booster is available for all students at Campus Health.

• Visit the UArizona COVID-19 page for regular updates.

Class Recordings: For lecture recordings, which are used at the discretion of the instructor,       students must access content in D2L only. Students may not modify content or re-use content for any purpose other than personal educational reasons. All recordings are subject to government   and university regulations. Therefore, students accessing unauthorized recordings or using them  in a manner inconsistent with UArizona values and educational policies are subject to suspension or civil action.

Required Texts or Readings

There is no required text for the course. Supplementary reading material will be provided to students via D2L.

Required or Special Materials

This course requires the R software environment. R is available for PC/Windows and Mac/OS X systems. Students can obtain software from the Comprehensive R Archive Network (http://cran.r-project.org). R is a free, open-source programming environment.

Equipment and software requirements: For this class you will need daily access to a device with webcam and microphone and reliable internet signal that can:

Access D2L

Join Zoom meetings

• Watch videos posted on D2L

• Run R and R Studio.

• Scan and upload written work

• View pdf documents

Note: enrolled students can borrow technology from the UA Library on a first come, first served basis.  See https://new.library.arizona.edu/tech/borrow for details.

Absence and Class Participation Policy

Participating in the course and attending lectures and other course events are vital to the learning process. As such, attendance is required at all lectures and discussion section meetings. If you anticipate being absent, are unexpectedly absent, or are unable to participate in class activities, please contact me as soon as possible. Students who miss the first two class meetings, and do not contact me within 24 hours of the second class meeting, may be administratively dropped. To request a disability-related accommodation to this attendance policy, please contact the Disability Resource Center at (520) 621-3268 or [email protected]. If you are experiencing unexpected barriers to your success in your courses, the Dean of Students Office is a central support resource for all students and may be helpful. The Dean of Students Office is     located in the Robert L. Nugent Building, room 100, or call 520-621-7057.

The UA’s policy concerning Class Attendance, Participation, and Administrative Drops is available at: http://catalog.arizona.edu/policy/class-attendance-participation-and-administrative-drop

The UA policy regarding absences for any sincerely held religious belief, observance or practice will be accommodated where reasonable, http://policy.arizona.edu/human-resources/religious-accommodation-policy.

Absences pre-approved by the UA Dean of Students (or Dean Designee) will be honored. See:

https://deanofstudents.arizona.edu/absences

It is the student’s responsibility to notify the instructor in advance of an absence related to       religious observation or an activity for which a Dean’s excuse has been granted, and to arrange for how any missed work will be handled. It is also the student’s responsibility to keep informed of any announcements, syllabus adjustments or policy changes made during scheduled classes.

Classroom Behavior Policy

To foster a positive learning environment, students and instructors have a shared responsibility.  We want a safe, welcoming, and inclusive environment where all of us feel comfortable with each other and where we can challenge ourselves to succeed. To that end, our focus is on the tasks at hand and not on extraneous activities (e.g., texting, chatting, reading a newspaper, making        phone calls, web surfing, etc.).

Your responsibilities as a class member

• Be fully engaged in the mathematics, with your peers while in the classroom. This means put aside non-math conversations, texting, social media, and anything else that may make this   time less mathematically productive for you and your peers.

• Be ready and willing to participate in many different forms of interactive activities, including small-group discussion, explaining ideas and R-code to others, working out code individually and in a group, and adding/modifying other's solution code.

• Listen to your peers' arguments and the instructor's lead discussion(s) respectfully, politely and engagedly - be willing and ready to contribute whenever appropriate.

• Come to class mentally prepared, so that you (and your peers) may benefit from being in an interactive class.

• Be on time and ready to start right when class is scheduled to start, and remain until the class is dismissed.

Netiquette

Netiquette is an abbreviation for "internet etiquette" – more simply put, guidelines for               communicating online to ensure meaningful and polite exchanges. The common standards listed below work well for both the online classroom and beyond in professional online communication:

Behavior. Maintain the same standard of behavior and ethics that you would follow in a face-to- face context.

Tone. Treat others with respect. Be mindful of your tone and how that is conveyed in your  writing style. DO NOT USE ALL CAPS. It is considered shouting and not appropriate in a     classroom. Avoid sarcasm and irony as it is easily misinterpreted in an online environment.

Clarity and Content. Be succinct. Write, reread, and then post. Carefully consider what you     have written. Does it make sense? Is it free from errors? Does it add to the conversation? Is it unnecessarily confrontational or offensive?

Contribute. Online learning is not passive. It is expected that you will share your knowledge and insight. Be an active contributor to the learning community.

Be forgiving. If someone makes a mistake or does something inappropriate, address it privately and politely. You can always let the instructor know and ask them to address it as well.

Course Objectives and Expected Learning Outcomes

This course will have students utilize statistical tools to solve sports analytics problems, including but not limited to, factors influencing game outcomes and individual performance metrics. This course will begin with an examination of the history of sports analytics and continue on to discuss how to numerically and visually analyze sports related data. The course will also present methods of evaluating team and player performance data using a variety of techniques, including data visualization, regression and hypothesis testing. An emphasis will be placed on learning how to describe outcomes from analysis in a non-technical manner.

Along with the learning outcomes from this course, all students will participate in a project to assist in the data collection and analysis from one of the participating University of Arizona    athletic programs. Students will use analysis techniques learned in class to provide expected outcomes based on coach input, while also improving on current techniques in data collection and analysis to provide new insights for the coaching staff to utilize.

By the end of this course, students will be able to:

Utilize statistical tools to solve sports analytics problems, including but not limited to, factors influencing game outcomes and individual performance metrics.

Numerically and visually analyze sports related data.

Utilize methods of evaluating team and player performance data using a variety of techniques, including data visualization, regression and hypothesis testing.

Describe outcomes from analysis of sports-related data in a non-technical manner. These outcomes connect to the program outcomes for the Math major:

All mathematics courses are designed to increase the problem solving skills of the students. An increased attention to detail is an outcome that is expected.

Students are expected to become proficient in the use of technology to model complex           situations. It is also expected that students will understand the limitations of the software and hardware being employed in their scientific investigations and will be able to critically evaluate

appropriate software and mathematical tools for those complex modeling situation.

In all mathematics courses students are expected to communicate their results, in both written and oral form.

Real World Applications

University-wide Policies link

The Links to the following UA policies are provided here,

https://academicaffairs.arizona.edu/syllabus-policies:

• Absence and Class Participation Policies

• Threatening Behavior Policy

Accessibility and Accommodations Policy

• Code of Academic Integrity

Nondiscrimination and Anti-Harassment Policy

Additional Resources for Students

UA Academic policies and procedures are available at http://catalog.arizona.edu/policies Student Assistance and Advocacy information is available at

http://deanofstudents.arizona.edu/student-assistance/students/student-assistance

Academic advising: If you have questions about your academic progress this semester, or your chosen degree program, please note that advisors at the Advising Resource Center can guide you toward university resources to help you succeed.

Life challenges: If you are experiencing unexpected barriers to your success in your courses,  please note the Dean of Students Office is a central support resource for all students and may be helpful. The Dean of Students Office can be reached at 520-621-2057 or                                   [email protected]. Physical and mental-health challenges: If you are facing physical or mental health              challenges this semester, please note that Campus Health provides quality medical and mental   health care. For medical appointments, call (520-621-9202. For After Hours care, call (520)        570-7898. For the Counseling & Psych Services (CAPS) 24/7 hotline, call (520) 621-3334.

Assignments and Examinations: Schedule/Due Dates

In Class Group Activities - 50 points - almost every day

Research Paper – 75 points  - week 9

Applied Statistical Analysis in Sports Paper - 75 points – week 13

5 “RAssignments - 100 points – weeks 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Team Sport Presentation 60 points week 14

Final Results Presentation 80 points week 17 or 18

Final Results Paper - 50 points - week 18

Reflection on Project - 10 points - week 17

In Class Group Activities

Graded group activities will be assigned during class meetings. Many will involve R programming - others will involve project updates. According to the calendar, we expect to have 27 graded     class activities, each worth 10 points. In general, no make-up activities will be offered. When     computing your final class activities grade (out of 50 points) we will take the total number of     class activities points earned and divide by 230 and multiply by 50 (to a maximum of 50).

R Assignments

Graded R assignments will be assigned in the first half of the course. These assignments will build on class instruction and activities. Some of the R assignments will be assigned as group assignments, others will be individual assignments. There will be 5 R assignments in the       semester, each worth 20 points.

Research Paper

The purpose of this paper is to analyze a positional sports paper or article that includes advanced analytics (such as WAR, PER, QBR, Real plus/minus, etc. ). It should be a 3-5 page paper that     includes:

A summary of the author's thesis and argument.

A thorough examination of the most important analytical part of the article.

A thorough examination (and explanation) of this analysis/metric. This should be very detailed. If you can get hold of the data used and reconstruct the analysis or the        metric, this would be best.

What are the positive features of this analysis/metric? How is it an improvement over previous methods/metrics?

What are the negative features of this analysis/metric? What improvements need to be made?

How does this analysis/metric supports the author's argument? Are there any issues with using this analysis/metric to support their argument?

A brief description of any other analytics in the paper. Include a brief comment on how the analysis/metric  supports the author's argument and if there are any issues with using this analysis/metric.

Applied Statistical Analysis in Sports Paper

The purpose of this paper is to use the techniques learned in Math 367 (or elsewhere) to explore an idea of your own in sports analytics. It should be a 2-4 page paper (longer if needed).

Sport: Pick whichever sport you would like. Give enough information about the sport so that the reader can understand the terms you use your thesis question.

Thesis: Pick whatever question you would like to explore. Be sure to discuss the potential impact an answer would have on the sport.

Data: It is up to you to find data to work with. Obviously, this may limit the questions you    may be able to explore. If you want to explore the impact of going for it on fourth down in   college football, and are planning to write a simulation that samples from fourth down plays, then trying to collect all fourth down plays in NCAA Division I football history may be too      ambitious. Start with a simulation on a much more limited set, do the appropriate analysis,  reach the appropriate conclusion (which would be more limited), and then discuss how one  would improve the simulation by increasing the data set in the areas of improvement part of the paper.

Analysis: Be sure to include some advanced analytic:

it could be a metric (such as WAR, PER, etc...)

it could be a method (such as regression, a simulation, clustering, or hypothesis testing, etc...)

Whatever metric or method you choose (and it could be more than one), it should be appropriate for the question.

Go through your metric or method thoroughly. The reader should be able to reproduce your results.

For example, if you use WAR, it is clear how one calculates WAR (and the reader could calculate WAR for other players by following your work).

Use comments in your code to describe what the R commands you use are doing.

Conclusion: The conclusion you reach should be appropriate to the methods and results you get. (If you do a hypothesis test and do not meet the 5% threshold, then concluding "we do not have enough evidence to conclude that..." is the appropriate conclusion.) Do not           overreach. Do not make statements here that are not supported by your work.

Areas of Improvement: Discuss ideas for areas of improvement. This could include expanding your data sets, or starting to collect data that nobody has collected yet, or improvements to a simulation to add more realism, or ideas for new metrics that haven't been thought of yet,     or...

Format: Your paper should be submitted as an R-notebook. You should also submit any data files necessary to run your R-code. You will lose points on your paper if the R-code does not successfully execute for the grader.

Final Project

A final project, consisting of four parts, will be completed in the last half of the class. The four  parts are: the Team Sport Presentation, the Final Results Presentation, the Final Results Paper, and the Reflection on Project. The final projects are group projects, and you will be given         significant class time to work on a project - however, you will also need to allocate time outside of class to complete the project. Failure to be present or participate during days allocated to     project work, may impact your grade on the Final Results Presentation.

The Team Sport Presentation will be given on the 14th week, which your team will:

Introduce your sport, and the overall project that you are undertaking.

Identify the semester goal the team has for this project.

Build benchmarks for the entire project which specify each task that must be completed

Discuss the deadline for each task

Identify work as assigned to each team member

The Final Results Paper will be due May 9th (the day scheduled for our final exam). It will consist of:

A single file with all datasets, code and readme.txt instructions to utilize code.

A brief write-up of work done, how to utilize everything and recommendations.

Project presentations will be completed the last two weeks of class (including May 10th) and will:

Discuss the motivation of the project and how it can assist the team for which it was designed

Detail any significant results

If you have code, demonstrate how it works

If you performed analysis, show all results and what they mean (This section should take up the most time and you should translate results for coaches to understand)

Wrap up your presentation by detailing how current results can be utilized

Discuss recommendations for future work in this area

If you have more than three absences during days devoted to project work, your final                presentation grade will be reduced by 10%, and more than 5 absences on those days your final presentation grade will be reduced by 20%, and more than 7 absences on those days, your final presentation grade will be reduced by 30%.

The Reflection on Project will be due May 3rd. It is a one to two single-spaced typed page       document where you are asked to reflect and describe your work and discoveries on the sports analytics project this semester. Be sure to include a description of your contributions and also  your thoughts on how or whether this activity helped your professional development or           influenced your professionalism in team work and collaboration, communication, and problem  solving.

Please note the following:

University rules relating to final examinations may be found at:

https://www.registrar.arizona.edu/courses/final-examination-regulations-and-information

The University final exam schedule may be found at:

http://www.registrar.arizona.edu/students/courses/final-exams